Global Freedom of Expression

Abreu v. Google

In Progress Expands Expression

Key Details

  • Mode of Expression
    Electronic / Internet-based Communication
  • Date of Decision
    October 7, 2020
  • Outcome
    Dismissed
  • Case Number
    135.543-2020
  • Region & Country
    Chile, Latin-America and Caribbean
  • Judicial Body
    Appellate Court
  • Type of Law
    Constitutional Law
  • Themes
    Defamation / Reputation, Digital Rights, Press Freedom, Privacy, Data Protection and Retention
  • Tags
    Right to be forgotten, Updated information, Public Relevance, Outdated Information

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Case Analysis

Case Summary and Outcome

The Santiago Court of Appeals denied a writ of protection filed by Herval Rossano Abreu Guerrero against Google, Microsoft, Verizon Chile, and Wikimedia Chile that sought deletion of all information related to the sexual abuse allegations against him. Mr. Abreu (Plaintiff) claimed that his “right to be forgotten” was infringed by the search engines since they maintained publications that had stopped being of public relevance after a Criminal Court had dismissed the charges. However, the Court of Appeals determined that the search engines had not infringed the Plaintiff’s rights since the information was neither false nor outdated.

 


Facts

On April 28, 2018  “Sábado, a magazine from El Mercurio, a Chilean newspaper, published a series of testimonies from several actresses who claimed to have been victims of sexual abuse and abuse of power by Herval Rossano Abreu Guerrero, a Televisión producer, and director.

As a result of the publications, on April 30, 2018, las Condes Prosecutor’s Office initiated an ex officio criminal investigation to examine the allegations of a sexual offence against the Plaintiff. Subsequently, the Prosecutor’s Office communicated to the Fourth Court of Guarantee of Santiago (4° Juzgado de Garantías de Santiago) its decision not to proceed with the investigation. On March 15, 2019, the Court delivered a definitive judgment dismissing the claims against the Plaintiff.

In 2020, Mr. Abreu filed a writ of protection before the Santiago Court of Appeals against Wikimedia Chile, Microsoft Chile S.A, Google Chile Limitada, and Google Inc. (Respondents), claiming that his rights to psychological integrity and private life were violated as a result of the maintenance of the information online concerning the allegations.


Decision Overview

The main issue before the Court of Appeals was to analyze was whether the so-called right to be forgotten, alleged by the Plaintiff, could entail deletion of information on the internet upon demonstration that the search engines had infringed his right to private life and psychological integrity.

The Plaintiff based his plea on Articles 1, 4, 16  and 19 of the Constitution. He claimed that the massive, immediate, and constant access to information generated a public and ferocious prosecution against him without considering his right to defend or be heard. He further stated that the accusations affected his daily life. He also argued that since search engines allow anyone to access information regarding alleged abuses, he couldn’t rebuild his life even though a Criminal Court had dismissed the claims. The Plaintiff asserted that his constitutional rights of psychological integrity and private life, emanating from the “right to be forgotten”, had been violated.

The Plaintiff claimed that the “right to be forgotten” was contemplated as the right to deletion of personal data under Law 19,628, which translated to an obligation applicable to the Respondents which carried out operations that qualified as data procurement.

Further, the Plaintiff held that the possible collision of rights concerning freedom of the press must yield for the benefit of the individual. He added that events depicted in the publication had stopped being of public relevance. Thus, the news ceased to be protected by the constitutional right of freedom of the press.

In view of the above, the Plaintiff requested the Court of Appeals to: i). declare that the behavior of the Respondents constituted illegal and arbitrary actions; ii). order the removal of links or access to the news, reports, or information related to the unfounded complaints against him for sexual abuse from the Respondents’ search engines and websites, and iii). adopt all the necessary measures to restore the rule of law, with express condemnation of costs.

The first Respondent, Wikimedia Chile Corporation, requested total rejection of the writ of protection, with express condemnation of costs. Wikimedia Chile claimed that it was not a branch or subsidiary of the Wikimedia Foundation, much less its legal representative. Therefore, it was not empowered to carry out what was requested by the Plaintiff. Regarding the substantive allegations, the said Respondent submitted that it lacked passive procedural standing since it had no control over  Wikipedia´s content.Further, Wikimedia Chile claimed that the Plaintiff did not specify how the Corporation’s active or passive actions could have affected his constitutional rights. Likewise, Wikimedia Chile argued that the Plaintiff had not established any direct / necessary link with the Wikipedia article and the increased accessibility to the information regarding his alleged crimes. The Corporation further submitted that no Supreme Court precedent had established order for removal of such posts. As for the right to be forgotten, Wikimedia Chile held that it was not a right enshrined in the Chilean legislation or recognized by its national jurisprudence.

The second respondent, Verizon Chile S.A., requested the total refusal of the writ of protection, with express condemnation of costs. It maintained that Verizon Chile was a subsidiary of Verizon Business Global LLC, a company based in the United States,  which owns, among other services, Yahoo. The Respondent claimed Verizon Chile and Verizon Media were separate legal entities with different commercial activities.

The Respondent indicated that it lacked passive procedural standing since: i). it was not the owner of the Yahoo search engine and therefore, did not hold the administrative or any other right/ control over the said engine search; ii). It was not the qualified entity to answer the Plaintiff’srequest for removal of content; and,  iii). if it were the case that Verizon Chile was to be deemed the controller of the search engines, there would also be a lack of passive procedural standing since search engines are not responsible for the information contained in their servers. Additionally, it alleged that the Plaintiff’s writ of protection was filed extemporaneously since the law provides that such recourse must be presented within 30 days after the Plaintiff becomes aware of the alleged fact.

Verizon Chile claimed that the Plaintiff had failed to establish the causality between the alleged arbitrary and illegal act and his violation of constitutional rights. In respect of the protection of personal data alleged by the Plaintiff, it indicated that the Supreme Court had held that search engines are not registries or personal data banks in similar cases.

The third Respondent, Google LLC, requested the rejection of the constitutional action with express condemnation of costs. It argued that the contested information was not the Respondent’s creation since Google’s mission is to organize information so that it is universally accessible and useful by running a free search engine on the internet. Google only indexes public internet content. Additionally, Google LCC declared that the right to be forgotten alleged by Plaintiff was not applicable since it is not recognized in the Chilean legal system and claimed that the Inter American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) had warned of the risks of applying this concept.  Finally, it indicated that the challenged publications must enjoy the broadest constitutional protection, as per Articles 5 (Sovereignty) and 19 No. 12 (Freedom of Expression) of the Constitution and Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The fourth Respondent, Microsoft Chile S.A., requested the Court to reject the Plaintiff’s petition since the writ of protection was not the appropriate recourse as the legislation contemplates a particular civil procedure for the deletion of personal information.  It was further argued that the Plaintiff had wrongly requested the search engines to delete personal data rather than directly asking the media outlets and journalists responsible for providing/hosting the information. Subsequently, Microsoft Chile S.A alleged that it lacked passive procedural standing since the person who administers or manages the data on the Bing.com site was Microsoft Corporation and not Microsoft Chile S.A. Concerning the allegation of the right to be forgotten, it claimed that search engines do not process data or store data; instead, they organize information so that it is universally available, accessible through a free search system on the internet.

The fifth respondent, Google Chile Limitada, claimed that it was a company created in Chile and different from Google LLC. The respondent further contended that it did not hold authority over the domain google.cl or Google LLC’s services.

The Court began its analysis by holding that the alleged violation of the legally-prescribed period to submit the legal recourse held by Verizon Chile S.A. and Microsoft Chile S.A. was unfounded since the publication remained available on the search engines. Therefore, the publication transcended any temporal limit.

Regarding the Respondents’ claim of lack of passive procedural standing, the Court held that Wikimedia Chile Corporation and Verizon Chile had provided the necessary evidence to prove that they did not have any control over the administration, indexation, and functioning of the search engines. Whereas in the case of Microsoft Chile S.A. and Google Chile Limitada, the Court held that both companies owned and administered their search engines “Bing” and “Google”, respectively, thus, rejecting their argument of lack of passive standing.

The Court held that it was unanimously accepted both by the doctrine and jurisprudence that a writ of protection of constitutional guarantees, as enshrined in Article 20 of the Constitution, legally constitutes a precautionary measure. For the Court to adopt specific measures to counteract, neutralize, or annul the undesirable effects of the action or omission, a precautionary measure requires the existence of an illegal or arbitrary act or omission that causes the infringement of the free exercise of the rights established in Article 20.

To determine if the alleged acts constituted an infringement of the Plaintiff’s rights the Court established the following as undisputed facts: i). As a result of a journalistic report, the Plaintiff was denounced as the alleged perpetrator of illicit conduct of a sexual nature; ii) after the Public Ministry carried out the corresponding non-judicial investigation, it concluded with the issuance of five definitive dismissals under Article 250 a) and d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure; iii). the news about the Plaintiff’s alleged abuse and the subsequent court resolution were published by different media outlets and indexed in search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo, and the encyclopedic website i.e., Wikipedia; iv). the Respondents were not the creators of the information which allegedly infringed the Plaintiff’s rights, instead were only acted as search engines that indexed the data created by third parties, and v). the veracity and integrity of the information were undisputed.

The Court then examined whether individuals could request deletion of information on the internet when it infringes their fundamental rights. First, the Court affirmed that the so-called “right to be forgotten” is not established under any Chilean legislation. Then, the Court held that internet search engines are not responsible for the data created by users; instead, their function is limited to index the information produced by third parties, which is protected under the right to freedom of expression and access to information guaranteed in Article 19 No. 12 of the Constitution.

Consequently, the Court held that as stated by the Supreme Court in the case Rol 18.818-2019,  for there to be a violation of the Plaintiff’s rights due to the Respondents’ arbitrary and illegal acts or omissions, it would require the indexed information to be false or outdated. The Court deemed that this was not the case in the present instance since the search engines included the information concerning the dismissal of the claims against the Plaintiff by the respective judicial authority.

The Court concluded that the constitutional appeal presented by Mr. Abreu was unfounded and rejected the plaintiff’s solicitation that the respondents pay the costs of the appeal.

 

 

 


Decision Direction

Quick Info

Decision Direction indicates whether the decision expands or contracts expression based on an analysis of the case.

Expands Expression

The decision expands freedom of expression by holding that internet search engines are not responsible for the data created by third parties which are protected under the right to freedom of expression and access to information. Nevertheless, by holding that for a violation of constitutional rights and to allow the request for removal of information, the published information must be false or outdated, the Court has opened the door for cases against the search engines seeking enforcement of right to be forgotten, which could eventually contract freedom of expression.

Global Perspective

Quick Info

Global Perspective demonstrates how the court’s decision was influenced by standards from one or many regions.

Table of Authorities

National standards, law or jurisprudence

Case Significance

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Case significance refers to how influential the case is and how its significance changes over time.

This case did not set a binding or persuasive precedent either within or outside its jurisdiction. The significance of this case is undetermined at this point in time.


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