Spanish Database

About The Spanish Case Law Database

Columbia Global Freedom of Expression has joined forces with the UNESCO Montevideo Office and Dejusticia to create a Spanish language version of the Global Case Law Database on freedom of expression and access to information.  FLIP (Fundacion para la Liberdad de Prensa) and the Externado University (Colombia) contributed case analyses of some of the most prominent Latin American freedom of expression jurisprudence.

 The Spanish language database is the result of extensive consultations with Judges from Latin America, as part of a UNESCO program of work to strengthen the legal protection of freedom of expression on the continent. The process cumulated in the Ibero-American Summit of Judges held in Paraguay in April 2016, when twenty-three Chief Justices from Latin America welcomed the Spanish court database and committed to contribute decisions to foster an exchange of knowledge and jurisprudence across the region on issues of freedom of expression, transparency and access to public information.

Columbia University’s Global Freedom of Expression’s Case Law Database is supported by a network of international experts. It surveys Latin American jurisprudence, reviews exemplary cases, and engages in comparative analysis. The Database aims to identify national, regional and global trends as well as the influence of international standards.

In its initial phase, the project was led by Catalina Botero Marino, former Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and coordinated by Sofía Jaramillo Otoya, alongside a team of legal experts and postgraduate students from Universidad Externado de Colombia. The project also benefited from the valuable collaboration of Ramiro Álvarez Ugarte, Helena de Souza Rocha, Elisa Franco, and Alejandra Negrete.

Currently, the Spanish-language Global Case Law Database is managed by the Latin American team at Columbia Global Freedom of Expression: Juan Manuel Ospina, Estefanía Mullally, Lautaro Furfaro, and Anderson Javiel Dirocie De León.

Latin America Team - Spanish

Estefanía Mullally

Estefanía Mullally

Coordinadora de Programa

Estefanía es abogada argentina, especializada en Derecho Internacional Público por la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Desde septiembre de 2023, se desempeña como Coordinadora de Programa en Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. Anteriormente, coordinó el Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Facultad de Derecho de la UBA (2020-2023) y fue Jefa de Trabajos Prácticos en la asignatura de derechos humanos y garantías en la misma casa de estudios (2018-2023). También trabajó en el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (2017-2023), en el diseño y monitoreo de políticas públicas con perspectiva de género en la administración de justicia, así como en la capacitación de funcionarias/os judiciales en temas de género y diversidad.

Estefanía cuenta con especializaciones en Políticas Públicas y Justicia de Género (Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales – CLACSO) y en Género y Derecho (UBA). Ha realizado estudios de posgrado en Protección Supranacional de los Derechos Humanos (Università degli Studi di Perugia), Teoría y Práctica de la Integración Regional (Universidad de Alcalá), Igualdad y No Discriminación (UBA), y Protección de Migrantes y Refugiados (UBA).

Actualmente, es Coordinadora Académica de la Diplomatura en “Derecho a la libertad de expresión”, co-organizada por el Centro de Derechos Humanos (Facultad de Derecho, UBA), la Oficina Regional para América del Sur del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y el Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información de la Universidad de Palermo. También se desempeña como Coordinadora Académica del “Semillero Latinoamericano de Derechos Humanos”, programa académico desarrollado por el Centro de Derechos Humanos (Facultad de Derecho, UBA), la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y el Programa Estado de Derecho para Latinoamérica de la Fundación Konrad Adenauer.

Anderson Javiel Dirocie De León

Anderson Javiel Dirocie De León

Consultor Jurídico y de Programa

Anderson Javiel Dirocie De León es abogado internacional especializado en Derecho Internacional Público, Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y Derecho Penal Internacional.

Ha trabajado en varios tribunales y organismos internacionales de tres continentes, entre ellos la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, las Cámaras Extraordinarias de los Tribunales de Camboya y la Corte Penal Internacional.

A nivel nacional, se desempeñó como Secretario Adjunto del Presidente del Tribunal Superior Electoral de la República Dominicana y como Secretario General 2020-2021 del Consejo Latinoamericano de Estudiosos del Derecho Internacional y Comparado, capítulo República Dominicana (COLADIC-RD).

Anteriormente, se desempeñó como Investigador Jurídico a tiempo completo en Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. Tiene una Maestría en Derecho de la Facultad de Derecho de Harvard (2023), una Maestría en Estudios Avanzados en Derecho Internacional Público de la Universidad de Leiden (2018) y una Licenciatura en Derecho Summa Cum Laude de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM) (2017).

Además del COLADIC-RD, es miembro independiente de la Red de Litigantes LGBT de las Américas, miembro del Colegio de Abogados de la República Dominicana, de la American Society of International Law y de la Association Internationale De Droit Pénal (AIDP-IAPL) y se ha desempeñado como voluntario de la Asociación de las Naciones Unidas de la República Dominicana desde 2012. En 2015, como miembro del Panel Asesor Juvenil del UNFPA en su país, fue nombrado Delegado Juvenil de la República Dominicana en la Segunda Sesión de la Conferencia Regional sobre Población y Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe. En 2016, se convirtió en la primera persona latinoamericana en ser elegida Presidente Estudiantil de la Asociación Internacional de Estudiantes de Derecho (ILSA), la organización responsable de administrar la Philip C. Jessup International Moot Court Competition. Habla con fluidez español, inglés y francés.

Lautaro Furfaro

Lautaro Furfaro

Investigador Jurídico

Lautaro Furfaro es investigador legal en Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. Es abogado internacional especializado en Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional. Tiene un Master in Laws (LL.M) en International Legal Studies por la New York University School of Law (2022), donde recibió el premio de la convocatoria “Public Interest Law Prize” por demostrar un claro compromiso con el servicio público y causas significativas de interés público. Es abogado (J.D.) graduado con honores en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, con orientación en Derecho Internacional.

Actualmente, Lautaro es Profesor Adjunto en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, donde enseña Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. También es co-profesor de la asignatura Fundamentos Filosóficos de los Derechos Humanos en la Maestría en Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Asimismo, es profesor asistente en la materia derecho internacional en la Universidad Di Tella.

Es Coordinador Académico de la diplomatura online en Igualdad y No Discriminación de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y Coordinador Académico de los equipos que representan a la Universidad de Buenos Aires en la Competencia Interamericana de Derechos Humanos del Washington College of Law de American University.

Anteriormente, Lautaro trabajó en la Comisión de Derecho Internacional de las Naciones Unidas, fue Human Rights Scholar en el Center of Human Rights and Global Justice en la New York University, funcionario judicial en tribunales locales de derecho público en Argentina y becario Fulbright en Estados Unidos. Recibió la Beca al Mérito Arthur T. Vanderbilt para cursar un Máster en la Universidad de Nueva York y fue Director de la revista “Lecciones y Ensayos” en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Lleva a cabo numerosos proyectos de investigación relacionados con los derechos humanos y el derecho internacional, y es autor de varias publicaciones.

Juan Manuel Ospina

Juan Manuel Ospina

Senior Legal Editor

Juan Manuel works at Columbia Global Freedom of Expression since 2022 as a legal researcher and editor. He has a Master’s degree in Journalism from Universidad de los Andes in Colombia, where he received his law degree as well. He graduated cum laude from his master’s degree and was the recipient of the Francisco Pizano de Brigard scholarship. Juan has taught classes at the university level and was also Chief Editor at El Uniandino, a leading college newspaper from Bogotá.


Latin American Partners

Ramiro Álvarez Ugarte

Ramiro Álvarez Ugarte

Expert Consultant

Eduardo Bertoni

Eduardo Bertoni

Director of the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, American University Washington College of Law

Professor Eduardo Bertoni (PhD, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the American University Washington College of Law. Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights until December 2023. First Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) which is the Argentine Data Protection and Access to Information Authority. Founder and director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005). Teaching Fellow at the Human Rights Institute at Columbia University School of Law (2001). Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow (2012-13) at the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). Former member of the advisory boards of the Human Rights Initiative (Open Society Foundations), the Media Legal Defence Initiative, the Freedom of Information Advocates Network (FOIAnet), among others. Dr. Bertoni has also worked as an advisor to the Department of Justice and Human Rights in Argentina. He is an Argentinean lawyer and holds a Masters in International Policy and Practice from the Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University. Prof. Bertoni taught at Buenos Aires University School of Law and New York University School of Law (Global Clinical Professor), among others universities. He published several opinion pieces on democracy and human rights in leading newspapers in the Americas and has written several publications on judicial reforms, international criminal law and human rights & Internet.

Catalina Botero Marino

Catalina Botero Marino

Director of the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Expression at the Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia

Catalina Botero Marino is a lawyer, director of the UNESCO Chair on Freedom of Expression at the Universidad de Los Andes, co-chair of the Oversight Board of Facebook and Instagram, member of the external transparency panel of the Inter-American Development Bank, commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists and member of the Advisory Board of the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute. She is an adjunct professor at American University’s Human Rights Academy and an expert member of Columbia University’s Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. She was Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the OAS, Dean of the Faculty of Law of the Universidad de Los Andes, and an Associate Judge of the Constitutional Court and of the Council of State in Colombia.

Agustina Del Campo

Agustina Del Campo

Director, Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE), Universidad de Palermo, Argentina

Agustina Del Campo, LL.M., Esq. is the Director at the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Universidad de Palermo and an international human rights consultant. Ms. Del Campo has a law degree from Universidad Catolica Argentina and an LL.M. in International Legal Studies from American University Washington College of Law. She previously ran the Impact Litigation Project at AU WCL where she coordinated the research and litigation of several freedom of expression cases before the Inter-American Commission and Court on Human Rights. Agustina has extensive experience in human rights training, particularly as it relates to freedom of expression and the press in the Inter-American human rights system. She taught and lectured in several Latin American countries and the U.S. Additionally, Agustina has authored and/or contributed to over a dozen publications.

Sofía Jaramillo

Sofía Jaramillo

Editor, Columbia Global Freedom of Expression

Senior Staff Attorney for Civic Space, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights

Sofia Jaramillo-Otoya is the Senior Staff Attorney at RFK Human Rights were she leads, coordinates and supports the organization’s work partnering with human rights defenders to protect civic space through advocacy, strategic litigation, and technical assistance. Sofia has devoted much of her career to international human rights mechanisms. She served as legal advisor to the David Kaye, the UN Special Rapporteur on freedom expression while also lecturing and co-supervising the International Justice Clinic at the University of California, Irvine. There, she coordinated the litigation efforts and focused on a wide range of digital rights issues related to freedom of expression and privacy, including surveillance, content moderation and oversight, online hate speech, online gender-based violence, artistic and academic expression. Sofia also served as legal advisor to Agnes Callamard, the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions while working as a legal officer at Columbia University’s Global Freedom of Expression. At the regional level, she served as a human rights specialist for two Special Rapporteurs for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. There, she addressed issues related to violence against journalists, protest, surveillance and access to information, and led the capacity building efforts of the office. Sofia has also worked with regional and local organizations including Dejusticia, Civitas, the Foundation for Free Press (FLIP) and the Inter-American Press Association.

Sofia completed her initial legal degree at Rosario University in Colombia, and earned an LLM from Columbia Law School in New York, where she was a Human Rights Fellow. Sofia graduated from Columbia University with the academic recognition of Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar and a Certificate in International and Comparative Law.

 

Viviana Krsticevic

Viviana Krsticevic

Executive Director, Center for Justice and International Law

Viviana Krsticevic is a distinguished human rights advocate with extensive academic and professional credentials, including an LL.B. from the University of Buenos Aires, an M.A. in Latin American Studies from Stanford University, and an LL.M. from Harvard Law School. As the Executive Director of the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), she leads initiatives across the Americas to promote human rights using international law and the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights. Since December 2022, she has served as an expert on the Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran for the Human Rights Council, presenting a significant report in March 2024. 

Ms. Krsticevic’s career spans impactful litigation in Latin America, advocating before the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights in numerous pivotal cases. She has shaped international human rights standards, notably in accountability, equality, reparations, and social and economic rights, and has pioneered initiatives in women’s rights, economic rights, freedom of expression, and the protection of human rights defenders. 

Since 2020, she has contributed to developing an Advisory Opinion of the IACtHR on the climate emergency and human rights. In January 2023, the request for an Advisory Opinion was pursued by the Governments of Chile and Colombia which submitted the inquiry to the Tribunal. This initiative has generated a wealth of knowledge and has expanded the community of practice in the field, even pending what we expect to be the adoption of a landmark Advisory Opinion by the Tribunal. The process runs parallel to similar debates at the International Court of Justice and the Law of the Sea Tribunal.   

She is a founder and member of the Gqual Campaign, a global initiative to promote gender parity in international representation, which was launched in 2015. Additionally, Ms. Krsticevic played a pivotal role in developing the international protocol for investigating threats against human rights defenders, which was launched in 2021 and is known as The Esperanza Protocol.

 Her academic contributions include teaching at American University Washington School of Law, conducting research at the Max Planck Institute, and publishing extensively on human rights and international law, significantly influencing discourse and practice in these fields.

Alejandra Negrete Morayta

Alejandra Negrete Morayta

Prize Manager

Alejandra Negrete Morayta is an attorney at law from National Autonomous University of MexicoShe holds an M.A. in Legal Argumentation from the University of Alicante, Spain.

Throughout her career, Alejandra has worked in the fields of human rights, gender equality, due diligence, freedom of expression, as well as in the making of public policies pertaining to these issues.

In Mexico, she served as National Commissioner to Prevent and Eradicate Violence Against Women and as Prosecutor for Labor Defense in Mexico.

Also, she has served as adviser in human rights for the Presidency Office at the Mexican Supreme Court of Justice, and as a human rights specialist for the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission of Women.



Former Latin American Contributors

Liliana Torres Jiménez

Liliana Torres Jiménez

Researcher

Liliana graduated as a lawyer from Externado University (Colombia) where she teaches Law & Math in the Law and Economics Deparment. Liliana has done research regarding legal applications of Game Theory and wrote an article about the matter. Currently, she works as an assistant researcher at the Center for Law, Justice and Society (Dejusticia), among other thing, analyzing Latin-American decisions to support Columbia University’s freedom of expression initiative.

Salomé Gómez Upegui

Salomé Gómez Upegui

Researcher

Salomé Gómez Upegui is a lawyer from the University of Los Andes (Colombia). She has a minor in Comparative Politics from the same institution. Currently, she is the assistant lawyer of Catalina Botero Marino and works at the Foundation for Freedom of the Press (FLIP) among other things, analyzing Latin-American decisions to support Columbia University’s freedom of expression initiative. The second semester of 2016 she will teach the course “The Right to Freedom of Expression” at the Faculty of Law of the University of Los Andes.

Camilo De la Cruz Arboleda

Camilo De la Cruz Arboleda

Researcher

Camilo De la Cruz graduated as a lawyer at the top of his class from Externado University (Colombia). Currently, he works as an assistant researcher at the Center for Law, Justice and Society (Dejusticia), among other things, analyzing Latin-American decisions to support Columbia University’s freedom of expression initiative. Moreover, Camilo teaches Law & Math in his alma mater. He is interested in the fields of Law & Economics, Behavioral economics and Innovation. He is currently engaged in graduate studies in new technologies, innovation and cities management.

Mariana García Jimeno

Mariana García Jimeno

Researcher

Mariana graduated as a Lawyer Cum Laude from University of Los Andes, and she is currently completing her LL.M studies in the same University, where she is writing her thesis on Family Law from a gender perspective. She completed a research internship at Cornell University in the summer of 2015. The second semester of 2016 she will teach the course “The Right to Freedom of Expression” at the Faculty of Law of the University of Los Andes. Mariana worked at the Center for Law, Justice and Society (Dejusticia), among other thing, analyzing Latin-American decisions to support Columbia University’s freedom of expression initiative.

María Elisa Franco

María Elisa Franco

Expert Consultant

Maria Elisa currently is a doctoral student of the Division of Graduate Studies of the Faculty of Law of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and Fellow of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT). Master in Law from UNAM and her law degree from the Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESO). Professor of the Faculty of Law of UNAM and ITESO.

As for her work experience, she has been a consultant on human rights (particularly on gender, childhood and freedom of expression) for various national and international organizations such as UNESCO, the Human Rights Commission of the Federal District, the Council for the Prevention and Elimination of Discrimination in Mexico City, among others. Coordinator monitors and monitor of the two versions of the online course “International legal framework on freedom of expression, access to public information and protection of journalists” for judiciary officials in Latin America and Spain. From July 2013 to October 2014 she served as an advisor to the Human Rights Coordination and Advisory of the Presidency of the Supreme Court of Justice of Mexico. She has several publications regarding human rights.

Helena de Souza Rocha

Helena de Souza Rocha

Expert Consultant

Helena is a researcher and professor on Human Rights in Brazil. She has legal training and a Master´s Degree in International Human Rights Law from Essex University in the UK. She currently works in the Tuiuti University of Parana and is vice-president of the Committee for the Study of Gender Violence in the Order of Attorneys of Brazil Parana.

Helena has extensive experience with civil society organizations and the Inter-American Human Rights System. She was a human rights specialist at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression. For five years she was the principal advocate of the Brazilian office of the Center for Justice and International Law (CEJIL). She has also worked in the Platform for Human Rights – Dhesca Brazil on issues regarding sexual and reproductive health.